By naturalizing shorelines, waterfront homeowners can protect their property, embrace environmental stewardship, and invite nature into their backyards.
Naturalized shorelines provide a range of benefits, including shoreline stabilization, habitat restoration for wildlife, ecosystem health and biodiversity, filtering of aquatic pollutants, climate resiliency, improved shoreline aesthetic, access to recreational opportunities and financial savings in shoreline maintenance. Check out the article Five Surprising Benefits of Nature-based Shorelines to read more!
Naturalized shorelines benefit waterfront homeowners by protecting their shorelines from erosion and floods, supporting ecosystem health and the natural aesthetic of the shore.
Threats to Shoreline Properties
Many people are drawn to live near lake or ocean shorelines, but human activity next to shorelines can have negative impacts on coastal processes. Changing climatic conditions caused by humans can also threaten the safety and integrity of shoreline infrastructure. Coastal properties can face several hazards and threats, including storms, erosion, flooding, and sea-level rise. Erosion, in particular, undermines the physical structure of beaches by depleting sediment (e.g., sand, gravel, cobbles) that is essential for absorbing waves and for habitat to many species. Read this article from the Stewardship Centre for BC to learn more about how climate change could impact the shoreline.
While hard armour (e.g., seawalls, rip rap) has often been used to protect shorelines, it can worsen erosion and increase risks to shoreline properties and neighbours. Hard armouring alters coastal processes, increases wave energy, and causes erosion at the base of these structures through scour. This makes the hard armour structure vulnerable to collapse or failure.
Rigid hard armour can actually increase wave energy and make erosion worse, threatening shoreline properties. Wave energy can be reflected by seawalls, leading to scouring (sediment loss at the base of the hard wall) and eventually to a collapse of the structure.
Why should you consider naturalizing shorelines?
Naturalized shorelines are more resilient to changing coastal environments and climate because they are better at dissipating wave energy, and include ecosystem features that help coastal ecosystems adapt to change. Nature-based coastal solutions incorporate natural processes and features that are better able to withstand wind, wave action, tides, seasonal changes and longer-term impacts of sea level rise.
Homeowners enjoying a naturalized shoreline restored using Green Shores for Homes nature-based solutions.
What can you do to naturalize your shoreline?
When considering applying nature-based protection on your shoreline, consult with qualified environmental professionals such as coastal engineers and biologists to develop the best solution for your shoreline and property needs. Click here to learn more about nature-based solutions. Some related activities can include:
Remove structures that negatively impact the shoreline: Eliminate old docks, hard armour (e.g., rip rap, seawalls), creosote-treated logs, or other non-native materials that contribute to erosion or pollution.
Consider a hybrid solution: This approach combines limited hard elements to support the function of soft elements such as gravel and woody materials. Hybrid designs can include off shore rocky headlands along with regraded shorelines to create a different shoreline profile. Installation of a buried revetment at the natural boundary is another example of a hybrid solution that provides enhanced wave dissipation, riparian zone function and increased habitat.
Add natural materials: Designed placement of stable, large woody material and beach nourishment materials (e.g., sand, cobble, or gravel) can help stabilize the shoreline and create a natural buffer to absorb wave action, retain sediment and provide micro-habitats for organisms and vegetation.
Plant native vegetation: Retain overhanging vegetation and plant a variety of native trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants that are adapted to the site conditions to stabilize the shoreline while providing habitat for fish, amphibians, birds, small mammals, pollinators and other native wildlife.
Removing invasive species and adding native vegetation helps support local biodiversity and ecosystem health. Adding native plants like beach pea (left) and salmonberry (right) add beautiful colour to the shoreline, and support native pollinators!
Remove invasive plants: Remove plants that outcompete native species and reduce biodiversity.
Create low-impact access routes: Design pathways that enhance access to the shoreline for homeowners while protecting the riparian and limiting soil compaction and habitat disturbance.
Manage stormwater run-off: On the upland, create permeable surfaces to filter water, reduce runoff and replenish subsurface groundwater. Use pervious surface materials and rain gardens to encourage run-off to soak into the ground. Check out our Tool Kit to learn more about how to build a rain garden, and the benefits of using permeable paving stones to reduce runoff!
The upland part of the property can benefit from a raingarden or permeable paving to filter and divert rainwater and reduce surface runoff. Illustration by Holly Sullivan.
Next Steps
The Stewardship Centre for BC offers the Green Shores® Program, which includes technical guidance, homeowner support, and information about best practices for implementing nature-based solutions that promote naturalized shorelines. Green Shores® is applicable to residential properties and commercial, multi-family residential, subdivision, parks or institutional waterfront developments. Learn more on how to get started with Green Shores.
As part of the Resilient Coasts for Salmon project, waterfront property owners on the East Coast of Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands might be eligible for a free shoreline assessment to apply nature-based solutions with Green Shores. Click here to learn more about shoreline assessments on the Stewardship Centre for BC website.
Photo credits: Kelly Loch, District of West Vancouver, and Holly Sullivan.
Being a green boater
If you are a boater, kayaker, or wakeboarder, chances are you love the water and being out in nature.
While recreational boating is a great way to experience nature, it can have numerous impacts on the environment - aquatic invasive species can be spread, cleaning agents can pollute, and where you anchor can damage habitat. Learn how you can take care of these places that fill your cup (literally and figuratively) while out on the water.
How does being a green boater benefit salmon?
Taking steps to minimize your impact while out on the water keeps habitats healthy and the water clean thereby reducing the collective pressures that salmon face.
Read on to learn about steps that you can take to prevent negative consequences to the environment and minimize your impact while boating.
Use Environmentally-friendly Cleaning Products and Wash on Land When Possible
Grey water, the water that goes down the drain while washing up, can have impacts to our nearshore environment, especially when it is discarded straight into the water - such as when you are boating or camping. If you are able to, the best option is to wash on land at a marina where dishwashing and showering facilities exist so that water with soaps and detergents will get processed by municipal treatment plants, or at minimum, pass through a septic system.
If you must wash where you will discard the water directly to the environment, here are some considerations:
Use a soap that is readily biodegradable. Soaps that make lots of suds often have surfactants that stick around in the water and are harmful for aquatic species. Surfactants are known to cause a suite of problems for fish including gill damage, vision impairment, and reproduction issues.
Use soaps that are phosphate-free. Phosphate, a key nutrient for plant and algal growth, can contribute to algal blooms that may reduce the amount of oxygen for marine life.
Similar rules apply for washing and maintaining your boat. Cleaning and maintaining your boat on land is the best option to avoid polluting the ocean and harming marine life. Cleaning within marinas is not a good option. They are typically set up in bays where there is less water exchange, and that means the pollution and residues that enter the water will stay there longer and concentrate in that area.
When cleaning your boat:
Avoid the use of products that contain chlorine and petroleum distillates as these can harm aquatic life.
If you are doing maintenance work on your boat that cannot be done on land, use tarps to contain any debris from entering the water. Doing this work at a boatyard is preferable.
Greenwashing, weak or false environmental claims, can be hard to decipher when faced with a myriad of products on the store shelves. See our post about decoding eco-labels on cleaning products, or try creating your own safe cleaning products with food safe products you probably have in your pantry that are free of harmful chemicals.
Find products that have been assessed to be environmentally friendly in a searchable database created just for boaters!
Be responsible with your waste
Boating can generate a lot of waste, and it is every boater's responsibility to dispose of it appropriately. Not only is trash in the water unsightly, it can cause death and destruction. Ghost gear (nets and fishing line) entangle fish, birds, and marine mammals; broken down plastics become part of the food chain; and chemicals impact the health of habitats and animals.
It is not always easy to get rid of things while out on the water, so here are some helpful tips:
Bins may not always be available, especially in remote areas, be prepared to pack out all of your waste.
Remove extra packaging before you go to minimize what you have to stow on your boat.
Keep waste items secure so that they don't accidentally blow or wash off the boat.
Do not mix waste oils, paints, etc. this limits your future ability to recycle or properly dispose of these items.
Many items can be brought to a marina or service station such as used oil, filters, antifreeze and containers.
Batteries can be brought back to the retailers for recycling.
Product Care Association of Canada provides special waste recycling programs for tricky hazardous products including paints, pesticides and flammable liquids, lighting products, appliances, power tools, etc.
Paint safely and with non-toxic paints (or avoid painting altogether)
Many boats are coated with anti-fouling paint. The reasons these paints keep your hull from becoming covered with critters is because they contain highly toxic ingredients such as copper pesticides that prevent life from thriving. As you can imagine, residuals from these paints in the environment are terrible for aquatic life.
It is best to avoid painting, instead you can keep your hull clean by:
Manually de-foul by scrubbing as needed.
Prevent fouling with dry storage, fouling organisms can't attach to the bottom of your boat if it is not in the water! Dry storage saves you from having to continually clean your boat.
If you must paint your boat, minimize your impact by:
Always using drop sheets to help collect any residual products or paint from entering the ocean. Keep absorbent rags on hand in case there are spills.
Disposing of excess paint appropriately.
Pump out properly
This goes without saying, but sewage needs to be managed with the environment in mind. Sewage waste contains concentrated nutrients, chemicals, and pathogens - all of which have serious environmental, human health, and economic consequences.
Excess nutrients can cause algal blooms that rob the water of oxygen. Chemicals including pharmaceuticals, which are found in sewage, can affect behaviour and reproduction of aquatic species. And, bacteria and viruses from human waste can affect sensitive habitats and species, make beaches unsafe for recreation, and cause shellfish closures.
Not only that, it’s against the law to release sewage within 3 nautical miles of shore and sewage can never be discharged in rivers or lakes. Violations can be up to $1 million fine and/or up to 18 months of imprisonment.
Here is how you can avoid releasing sewage to the water:
Pump out at official sewage pump outs, become familiar with the locations around the Strait of Georgia and beyond, try using the interactive map by ahoyBC linked on the left.
If you don’t have a toilet onboard, use a temporary port-a-potty and haul it out at your next pump out station or washroom.
You could also install a marine sanitation device on board.
Fuel up Carefully
Fuel, oils, and all petroleum products used to power and maintain your boat are highly toxic to salmon, other fish, seabirds, shellfish, and, really, everything in the sea.
You can prevent accidental spills by taking care with the following tips:
Take it slow to prevent any fuel or oil from entering the water.
Keep an oil-absorbent rag on hand.
Always have a spill kit on board for emergencies.
And, report spills immediately (1-800-OILS-911).
Watch where you anchor
Avoid anchoring in sensitive habitats like eelgrass meadows, which are important nursery habitat for juvenile salmon and a myriad of sea life. Eelgrass is easily damaged by anchoring - it becomes fragmented and uprooted, reducing the amount of healthy available habitat that these critters and fish need. Anchor deeper than 7m and check out our Tool Kit article on the subject for more tips.
Avoid spreading invasive species
Whether you’re boating or paddling, we need to be careful that invasive species do not hitch a ride with us. Invasive plants and animals can change a landscape if given the opportunity. European green crabs, for example, damages habitats and competes with and preys upon native fauna.
Invasive species can easily be transferred from one body of water to another, so it is imperative to clean your boat and all your gear thoroughly and let it dry fully before using it elsewhere. The Invasive Species Council of British Columbia (ISCBC) provides great tips for preventing the spread of invasive aquatic species with their Clean Drain Dry educational campaign that we summarize below.
Recommendations for preventing the spread of invasive species:
Clean off all plants, animals and mud from boat and gear. Clean items away for other water bodies, ideally with a high pressure hose using freshwater.
Drain all water from boat, gear and equipment onto land.
Dry all parts of the boat and gear completely, preferably in the sun, before launching into a new body of water.
Never release or move fish, animals, or plants from one water body into another.
All good things come to an end, and for boats planning that end is essential to protecting the environment. Abandoned boats can become navigational hazards, leak contaminants, and move with the currents, scouring sensitive habitats and washing ashore as they go. Abandoned boats often sink, along with all the extra items on board creating more marine debris that is difficult to remove, and any fuel is that is left onboard can leak into the ocean. Responsibly 'retiring' your boat is also required by law, the Wrecked, Abandoned or Hazardous Vessels Act was implemented in 2019 to help regulate the disposal of vessels and outlines the responsibilities of vessel owners.
If your boat is no longer seaworthy, can no longer be safely operated, or the repairs to keep your boat operation exceed the monetary or emotional value of the boat, Boating BC Association suggests its time to retire your boat.
Here are the steps for retiring your boat:
Transport your boat to a disposal yard.
Ensure that hazardous materials are properly dealt with.
Recycle what you can. For example, metal hulls, electronics, propane tanks and engines can be sold.
This can be most simply achieved by enlisting a reputable full service boat disposal group to manage all steps to responsibly dispose of your retired boat. The linked document on the left by Boating BC Association is a directory of boat disposal services for the Vancouver Island region. It includes both full service disposal contracts and contacts for each of the steps mentioned above.
If you are simply upgrading your boat but there’s still life left in your old one, you can sell it or donate it to an organization that may have use for a boat. Find local non-profits close to home with this map of stewardship groups on Vancouver Island.
If you find an abandoned boat, report it!
Report derelict, abandoned boats to the Dead Boats Disposal Society, who specialize in removing and salvaging vessels.
Additional resources
Georgia Strait Alliance has written a helpful guide that is freely available. Many of the tips we share come from this guide.
Check out this newsletter all about selecting better products for your boating needs!
Photo credits: Eiko Jones, Kyla Sheehan, Maria Catanzaro, Debby Hudson on Unsplash, Coastal Photography Studio
Harvesting Rainwater
Water is a precious resource essential to all life.
For millennia, people experiencing regular or periodic lack of water developed ingenious methods to harvest and store every drop of rainwater they could. With changing climate patterns, depletion of water tables, and water restrictions due to unprecedented periods of heat and drought, many BC residents now realize that an abundant water supply is not assured and are thinking about harvesting and conserving this precious resource.
What is Rainwater Harvesting?
Rainwater harvesting is another way to manage stormwater runoff with the added benefit of being able to put that excess water to use at a later date when water is in shorter supply. Harvesting rainwater typically involves collecting and storing rainwater that would otherwise run off a roof or other impermeable surface. During storms, this diversion of runoff can help prevent flooding and erosion. On the flip side, during dry periods, using the stored water can take pressure off our natural freshwater resources – lakes, streams, and groundwater that may be depleted.
How does rainwater harvesting benefit salmon?
It diverts stormwater runoff from impermeable surfaces which could otherwise contribute to habitat damage from flooding and erosion where spawning salmon lay their eggs and young salmon rear.
Using harvested rainwater takes off pressure on natural water resources during periods of drought, such as late summer and early fall when salmon need water in streams to migrate.
Stormwater runoff often contains pollutants that negatively impact the ecosystem, diverting this water can prevent pollution from entering sensitive environments.
Here are a few more benefits of harvesting rainwater:
Rainwater is free - truly a gift from above.
Use collected water to maintain your garden during water restrictions - rainwater harvesting can provide a buffer for your water usage needs during times when water is scarce.
Rainwater is perfect for your plants – it does not contain chlorine that would be in municipal water and when taken directly from the tank it will naturally be the right temperature to use on your garden.
It’s not only for the garden – harvested rainwater can be treated by simple disinfection processes to be made potable. It can be great for washing, flushing toilets, and even drinking water, but do seek out a professional to ensure the water will be properly sanitized.
Rainwater is naturally soft – harvested water will not contain salts or minerals that can form scale on appliances, soft water is also great for bathing.
You can reduce your dependence on other water sources - by using your stored water, you can let the water that would come from streams or groundwater support the ecosystem instead.
You can build your own emergency water supply – harvested rainwater makes a great back up in the case of a prolonged power outage, earthquake, fire or other emergencies.
Reduce pollutants flowing into lakes, streams, oceans, and groundwater– redirecting and reducing stormwater by harvesting rainwater can minimize the pollutant loads that enter sensitive ecosystems. .
Depending on the setup, a system can contribute to groundwater recharge – using a system that filters and redirects water into the ground can recharge aquifers.
There are two main methods of rainwater harvesting
Rooftop rainwater harvesting involves collecting rainwater from the roofs of buildings and houses using gutters, pipes, filters, and tanks or rain barrels. The collected water can be used for various household needs, such as washing, gardening, and even cooking or drinking (depending on the type of roof and ability to purify). Rooftop rainwater harvesting can also recharge groundwater aquifers by diverting the excess water to wells, boreholes, or recharge pits. Here is a schematic of a typical rooftop rainwater harvesting:
Surface runoff harvesting involves collecting rainwater that flows over the ground using swales, ponds, rain gardens, reservoirs, in-ground tanks, and percolation through penetrable surfaces, like sand, gravel, and permeable pavements. Collected water can be used for irrigation and watering livestock. It can also recharge groundwater aquifers when water is directed to infiltration basins, trenches, or percolation tanks instead.
There is no one correct way to harvest rainwater. It depends upon the system's scale, budget, and purpose; however, the costs can vary widely depending on the solutions employed.
Rain Harvesting for Homeowners
Rooftop rain harvesting is the most common and least costly approach for household purposes. Rain barrels, the cost of which are subsidized by many local governments, receive rainwater from a downspout attached to the roof's gutter and provide easily accessible water for the garden and other outdoor purposes, typically having a faucet or hose attachment at the bottom. Multiple barrels can be interconnected via pipes to store a significant amount of water.
For small-scale harvesting for use in the garden, you can even DIY in an afternoon with items from a hardware store, see this example of step-by-step instructions from instructables.com.
For households that do not have a municipal water source or those with significant water needs for garden plots and livestock, a more elaborate system may be required. There are large storage tanks that can hold thousands of gallons of water, which can be placed above or below ground. The tank can be connected to a pump and a filtration system to deliver clean water to different parts of the house or garden.
For large-scale harvesting and when you plan to use the water in your home, including for drinking water, it is best to seek the help of professionals.
Wondering how much you can harvest?
In this post about rainwater harvest ideas on morningchores.com, there is a rainwater harvest calculator. Simply put in the catchment area (the width and length (ft) of your roof you intend to capture water from) and the amount of rainfall (in) expected and it will tell you how many gallons you would receive.
If you wish to calculate it yourself (or prefer metric measurements), for every square metre of roof catchment area and millimetre of rainfall, one Litre of water will be produced. Based on that you can use the following formula will calculate your expected total:
Catchment area (m2) x annual local average rainfall (mm) = ____L
So, for a 10m x 10m (or 100m2) roof in Nanoose, which receives an average annual rainfall of 1086mm, there would be 108,600L (or 108.6m3) of rainwater. Note that the maximum efficiency of a typical harvest system would be between 75-80% of that total due to evaporation, periods of overflow etc.
Learn about rainwater harvesting in BC
In addition to, or instead of rooftop harvesting systems, simple surface runoff harvesting techniques, such as rain gardens and swales, are increasingly popular techniques to capture and filter rainwater. These do not usually supply a readily available source of water for household use but do contribute to groundwater replenishment and natural purification, making water available to plants within the immediate vicinity while also serving to remove pollutants that could otherwise be swept into waterways.
Rainwater harvesting is an ancient and sustainable practice that can help conserve water, save money, improve plant health, and provide an emergency water supply, all of which improves the climate resiliency of our families and communities. By collecting and storing rainwater for later use, we can use a precious natural resource that would otherwise go to waste.
Additional Resources
For further information on rainwater harvesting, including ways to establish your own system, try these sites and resources:
Smith, J. (2010). Rainwater harvesting: Benefits and challenges. Journal of Environmental Science, 12(3), 45-56.
Photo credits: Ed Leszczynskl on Unsplash, Eiko Jones, Photo licensed under CC BY-NC, Photo licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Paul de Greeff, Nicole Christiansen, Illustration by Holly Sullivan
Places to Visit and Learn
No matter your age, learning about the environment and our local ecosystems is fun!
Whether you’re getting outside to a local park or trail, learning about the marine environment such as intertidal critters through touch tanks at an aquarium, or learning about Indigenous cultures on the land that you live on through virtual or in person field trips, there is so much to explore.
To get you on your way, we have compiled a map and a list below of great places and events to visit for you to get to know the coast of Vancouver Island!
Which ones have you visited? Are there any that we missed? Let us know by emailing ksheehan@psf.ca.
Click the map to explore!
How does visiting places benefit salmon?
Getting out to learn and appreciate nature, salmon, and First Nations culture encourages us to take care of our land and water and be better stewards for Pacific salmon.
Here are some places to check out:
Museums, aquariums, nature centres, and more
Museums
Rainy day with nothing to do? Check out some of our Island's great museums!
The Royal BC Museum in Victoria has exhibits on natural history and human history, including the Indigenous cultures of BC. Be sure to check out their rotating exhibits, and features in the IMAX theatre.
Explore the Hand of Man museum in Maple Bay to see their packed displays of natural history and artifacts.
Try out the Nanaimo Museum to understand your local history and cultures. The museum’s permanent exhibits offer learnings about the impacts of industry like forestry, coal mining and transport, as well as many aspects of life in a traditional longhouse of the Snunéymuxw Nation. This is a great place to take a school group, as they offer both in person and virtual field trips! Be sure to check their website often for seasonal events and presentations.
Visit the Whale Interpretive Centre in Telegraph Cove to learn all about the gentle giants of the sea. Check out their collection of marine mammals skeletons and learn about the life cycles of these amazing creatures.
Owned and operated by the Northern Vancouver Island Salmonid Enhancement Association (NVISEA), the Quatse Salmon Stewardship Centre in Port Hardy is a great place to learn about all things salmon in the north island region. Take a walk through their interpretive gallery to discover the intricacies of the salmon life cycle, their natural habitats, salmon enhancement and local conservation initiatives.
Aquariums
Vancouver has a renowned aquarium, but did you know about these gems on Vancouver Island? Dive into the fascinating world of marine life on our coasts at
the Shaw Centre for the Salish Sea in Sidney where you may see a giant Pacific octopus play with toys and hear fascinating lectures!
the Ucluelet Aquarium, Canada’s first collect-and-release aquarium! Located on the traditional territory of the Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ (Ucluelet) First Nation, this facility features many native fish and invertebrate species who are collected from the local waters, then returned after a short residency. The aquarium is also a part of many initiatives to map and protect nearshore habitats like eelgrass, and clean up microplastics and marine debris from their shorelines, and
the Discovery Passage Aquarium in Campbell River, which offers a 'hands on' experience and offers summer camps and school programs.
Nature Centres
Many national, provincial, and regional parks on Vancouver Island have nature houses or nature centres to learn about the features, ecology, and culture of the area. A few to check out include
the Goldstream Nature House, where you can learn about our temperate rainforest ecosystem, see the work of local artists, and bare witness to the incredible salmon run up the Goldstream River!
the living classroom that is the Swan Lake Christmas Hill Nature Sanctuary, and their Nature House, where you can explore the native plant and animal species of the Garry Oak meadow on Christmas Hill, and the lake and wetland of Swan Lake. Did you know that Garry Oak meadows are almost exclusively found on the southeast coast of Vancouver Island and the southern Gulf Islands?
the Gorge Waterway Nature House, located within Esquimalt Gorge Park, which is a community environmental learning hub, complete with a Seaquaria Aquarium marine touch tank and a model of the Gorge Waterway watershed!
the Cowichan Estuary Nature Centre, an interpretive centre overlooking the Cowichan Estuary. Over 80% of the area’s wildlife use the estuary. You can learn about many of them and even observe some close up in their aquariums, touch tank, and microscopes! The nature centre offers immersive learning programs for students from kindergarten to grade 12 on topics like estuary ecosystems, microplastics pollution, and ecological restoration.
the Strathcona Park Lodge and Outdoor Education Centre, which offers youth programs like their Wilderness Youth Leadership Development camp expedition, where teens connect to nature and develop leadership and stewardship skills. Programs are also available for school groups.
And more...
Curious about composting and conservation? Check out the Compost Education Centre in Victoria to dig into their educational fact sheets on different methods of composting and other tips for your garden. They also offer workshops and educational programs for all ages on a wide range of topics – including how to convert your lawn into a native plant meadow and growing practices for a resilient garden!
Learn about birds of prey at Pacific Northwest Raptors in Duncan, which has a variety of experiences to get up close to amazing birds and support their raptor rescue efforts.
Check out the North Island Wildlife Recovery Centre (NIWRC) to learn about the native wild animal species of Vancouver Island, their habitats, and what we can do to reduce our impacts on those species. Did you know that the NIWRC is able to rehabilitate up to twenty bears at a time at their facility? Through their Bear Cub Program, they are able to care for orphaned cubs in their facility until they are strong and healthy enough to be released. They also use radio collars to track the bears once they return to the wild to ensure their safety. (Errington, BC). The North Island Wildlife Recovery Association also offers free online learning resources including videos and activities.
Deep Bay Marine Station offers public drop ins, and hosts class field trips that are tailored to each age group. Whether you are a curious university student or just starting grade 2, Deep Bay Marine Station has so much for you to explore and learn. They even offer summer camps for kids!
Explore Through a First Nations’ Lens
There is no better way to learn about our natural places than from the First Nations who have stewarded these lands since time immemorial. On Vancouver Island, we live on the traditional and unceded territories of the Coast Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth and Kwakwakaw’akw Peoples. Check out Indigenous Tourism BC’s list of other places to visit on the mainland too to learn about the Indigenous cultures of BC.
Become familiar with the traditional place names where you live, the Nations on whose territory you live and work, and the history of colonization on these lands. With the Native Land interactive map, you can explore different areas to view the traditional territories, treaties, as well as the languages spoken by the Indigenous group.
Here are some amazing places to visit on Vancouver Island:
Book a walking or canoe tour with Explore Songhees to learn about the Lekwungen People on whose traditional territory Victoria and Esquimalt lie. Join cultural guides for an immersive experience that will enrich your understanding of the Lekwungen People, culture and connection to place.
Kwisitis Visitor Centre in Tofino, BC. This visitor’s centre within Pacific Rim National Park offers incredible opportunities to learn about the First Nations of this coastal area: the Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation of the Nuu-chah-nulth People. Listen to stories, and recordings of local animal names in the local Indigenous languages, and explore the replicas of coastal animals, and a replica of a traditional long house.
Take a day trip over to Saysutshun/Newcastle Island from Nanaimo and learn about the significance of the island for sourcing traditional medicines and healing from native plants for the Snuneymuxw People.
Visit the U’mista Cultural Centre in Alert Bay to learn about the tribes of the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw. You can join a cultural tour, check out an exhibit, and maybe even catch a youth performance of traditional dance.
Visit Parks!
The best way to learn is by getting out there! Check out BC’s beautiful national and provincial parks, as well as regional parks and nature reserves.
The Province of BC has even created this interactive map where you can visualize all the parks in BC, as well as current closures or restrictions. Many parks have information centres where you can pick up brochures and maps, and learn about the history of a place and the nature it protects.
It is important to recognize the connections that Indigenous peoples and communities have with these special places having managed them for millennia. Read about Parks Canada’s commitment to honour the contributions and history of Indigenous people, co-management projects, and resources here.
Explore the parks in your own backyard
Here are a few suggestions for getting out there and enjoying your local areas along with links to regional directories to help you find outdoor adventures:
Victoria
Looking for a more spiritual experience? Try a guided mindfulness-based forest walking tour with Elemental Magick to discover the benefits of forest bathing.
Take a walk through the beautiful trails of the Somenos Marsh Conservation Area in Duncan and see the Open Air Classroom – stop in at the informational signs to learn about the native wildlife, their habitats, and their name in the language of the Quw'utsun people.
At Stamp River Park, you can explore 2 km of interpretive trails, and may have the opportunity to see salmon migrating up the river through the fish ladder or swimming in the pools below the falls.
As a launching pad to the northern reaches of Vancouver Island, Campbell River is rich with outdoor places to explore, including within the City of Campbell River.
Events
Special events can be an excellent way to learn about local initiatives and get some hands-on learning experiences. There are many events around the Island that celebrate our coast, native species, and, of course, Pacific salmon. Keep an eye on your local newspaper to find other events near you and check out our events page to find ones Resilient Coasts for Salmon will be at!
Spring
The Brant festival, hosted by the Nature Trust of BC, celebrates nature and migratory Brant geese that visit Parksville and Qualicum Beach each spring. This annual event typically runs for about 7 days, with many different events, tours and presentations to attend.
Ocean Week Victoria offers 10 days of activities and fun events throughout the city of Victoria to celebrate our oceans and learn about ocean stewardship.
Summer
The Qualicum Beach Day annual event provides a ton of opportunities to learn about our local beaches and the critters that rely on good coastal habitat, including Pacific Salmon and forage fish.
Join us for a shoreline mapping workshop in communities on the east coast of Vancouver Island. We will be hosting workshops each summer from Victoria to Port McNeill, so be sure to sign up for our newsletter to be the first to register!
Fancy a visit to Pender Island? Be sure to check out (and register for) the Trees to Seas Ecofair. The Ecofair boasts incredible workshops, forest walks, lectures, and markets all related to conservation, restoration and environmental education and action. Not able to attend the Ecofair? Consult the Pender Island Conservancy’s event calendar for fun opportunities such as bird counts and exhilarating lectures on topics ranging from fungi to salmon!
Learn about salmon and hatchery production right at the source! Each fall, the Nanaimo River Hatchery hosts their Spawning Day event, where you can watch an egg take, make a fish print masterpiece, and even release a fry in the river! Check out their Facebook page to learn more!
Be sure to visit your local watershed during spawning season (usually late summer and fall) to witness the incredible migration and spawning of Pacific salmon in rivers throughout BC! Consult the PSF Salmon Spotting map to plan your trip to a spawning river near you.
Want to be even more involved?
Volunteer with a local stewardship group on a shoreline clean up, forage fish sampling, and more! Visit our Tool Kit article on stewardship to learn more about the opportunities for hands-on learning on Vancouver Island.
The Royal BC Museum has options for learning online as well! Many of their exhibits are available to scroll through, as well as digital field trips!
If you live on the west coast of Vancouver Island (Ucluelet to Hesquiaht), you could connect with N.E.S.T. (Nature. Education. Sustainability. Transformation.), a collective that offers west-coast based educational courses and resources from outdoor education to Indigenous-led courses.
Don’t forget to visit the Pacific Salmon Foundation’s Salmon School for educational videos and lessons on all things salmon, including a salmon dissection, salmon life cycle, habitat restoration, and freshwater habitat (coming soon).
Photo credits: Susanne Jutzeler, suju-foto on Pexels, Kyla Sheehan, Nicole Christiansen
Ways to Enact Actions for the Climate
How can we motivate ourselves to create new habits that make us feel good AND help the planet?
If it feels difficult to act on things that feel abstract, too large to solve, or don’t have immediate benefits, you are not alone – it is part of the human condition.
Research on human behaviour suggests that people tend to forgo long-term net benefit (for the individual or collective good) for immediate gratification. This is known as hyperbolic discounting. Examples include procrastinating while writing a report or giving into dessert while on a diet. Another example, which will be the focus of this post, is not taking the action needed to reduce our carbon footprint despite the negative impacts of climate change looming.
We are already experiencing the effects of climate change – floods, droughts, heatwaves and wildfires are impacting us and communities across the globe. We know from modelled projections that what we are currently experiencing is the tip of the (melting) iceberg if we do not start taking action. So, how can we shift our decision-making process to take immediate meaningful action?
Behavioural science research helps us understand how we make decisions and what influences our behaviour. For example, there are small adjustments or ‘nudges’ that can affect our decisions when we least expect it. Through 'choice architecture' or, in other words, organizing the context in which people make decisions, options can be presented in specific ways that can nudge our behaviour (for better or worse when marketers are trying to sell us things!). Research has shown that you can encourage healthier eating through the strategic placement of food items. The closer a healthy item was displayed at a cafeteria (i.e., vegetables right in front of you at the beginning of the line, with junk food in the back) the more likely people were to take it. If nudges are applied in a way that influences people to choose the more environmentally friendly option, it could be a great way to make progress towards reducing emissions. For example, a restaurant could structure its menu to encourage customers to eat more plant-based meals. Check out the book Nudge that dives into this strategy as a way to influence certain behaviours.
How we think about climate change and the environment can influence how we act. See the sections below for how we can apply lessons learned from this discipline to help us enact climate change action.
How does taking action against climate change benefit salmon?
Climate change is one of the greatest threats to the future of Pacific salmon. Taking action to minimize one’s carbon footprint is an important step to reducing the pressures future generations of Pacific salmon will face.
Below are some behaviour-change strategies to try out:
Focus on everyday small manageable actions
“In a world of more than seven billion people, each of us is a drop in the bucket. But with enough drops, we can fill any bucket.”
-David Suzuki
Individual actions CAN make a difference. A great place to start is with things like transportation, diet, and power usage at home.
There are many ways we can do our part while we are stewards on this earth (with long-standing benefits for future generations!) – take a look at our Tool Kit for some ideas to get started.
By improving the products we use in our households we can reduce the amount of detrimental toxins that enter our waterways. And if we take the steps to be a greener boater, we can reduce the impacts we have on vital ecosystems (that are also carbon sinks) such as eelgrass meadows – helping to continue to function as habitat as well as providing ecosystem services to coastal communities.
Shift Habitual Behaviours – Re-set your habits
Most of us are now in the habit of bringing reusable shopping bags every time we go to the grocery store, while just a few years ago this action was on few people's radar. We can do the same thing with produce bags, a water bottle, or your coffee mug. You can also get into the habit of unplugging your devices after use or using a clothesline to dry your clothes instead of using the dryer. These are simple steps that once you do it a few times, it will become second nature!
Try habit stacking - Building a habit can be tough, but if we use other habits as a base, we can stack new ones on top to build a new routine more easily. For example, you might want to start bringing a reusable coffee mug to reduce waste created by single use cups. If you already have a habit of packing your lunch for work the night before, you can put your reusable mug in the fridge with your lunch so it is all ready to go in the morning. Habit stacking such as this can help us make small changes that make a big difference.
Make Yourself Accountable – Strategies to make your intentions stick
Commit to a goal by sharing it with a friend – What is something that feels important to you? For example, let’s say you want to reduce your dependence on your vehicle and reduce your emissions. Create a goal (you can start small) and tell someone that is close to you. Here’s a helpful form to get you started! For instance, you may choose to ride your bike to work 3 out of 5 days a week instead of driving. By telling a friend, it helps us feel more accountable and more likely to stick to it.
Create a Buddy System – You can strengthen your goal setting and follow-through by creating a buddy system. We hold ourselves and each other more accountable when we do it together. Even if you live in different towns, you can send one another a photo of your commute to work each day. This will also motivate your partner to keep at their goal!
Encourage yourself with Positive Reinforcement
Tracking your progress - Posting your progress somewhere you will see it on a regular basis, such as on your fridge, can help encourage you to continue with your goals.
For example, you can mark on your calendar when you bike to work each week and then plot it in a simple graph. You will be able to visualize how you are reducing your reliance on your car over time.
You can even take it a step further and determine the cost of your daily commute in gas and wear and tear – often calculated around $0.68 per km – and work out how much you are saving each month – treat yourself at your local ice cream shop (or whatever motivates you) with the money you saved!
Another good example is receiving feedback on your energy usage – because it can positively impact your behaviour. Home energy reports and real-time feedback are helping us visualize our energy usage at home in a way that can encourage positive action. Some reports even show typical usage during the day, and when it would be more cost-efficient to use things like washing machines. These reports often show you a graph of your energy usage for the previous months and across seasons. By tracking our usage, it can help us identify trends in our use and where we may be able to improve it – awareness of our progress can be very motivating.
Neighbourly Competition - Social norm comparisons help encourage more positive behaviours as well – you can think of it as friendly competition with your neighbours. Research has shown that home energy reports that incorporate behavioural science strategy in their design can help you save money and be gentler on the planet, this includes adding energy savings tips and charts displaying your neighbour’s energy usage in comparison to yours into the report design.
Think about our ‘future selves’
One way to combat hyperbolic discounting, and our tendencies to choose convenient options over the more responsible ones is to think about long-term gain. Research suggests that the more we think about our future selves, the more likely we will make more considered decisions (Sheffer 2016).
Invest in the future -This could look like planting trees on your property now so you can enjoy shade and cooler temperatures in 10 years, whilst also helping to sequester carbon. Or purchasing more expensive but efficient appliances or installing solar energy for your home, knowing that the investment will be seen in 5-10 years, with a reduction in environmentally intensive resources and lower energy bills.
Think of what you value - Another angle to motivate yourself is to consider the activities you can enjoy today that will be lost in the future if high carbon emissions continue. Would you like to take your grandchildren fishing or skiing on your local hill? Do you love eating wild salmon or is seeing glaciers in the national parks on your bucket list? Use those thoughts to inspire yourself into action.
Setting Defaults
Set yourself up with sustainable default options - While they may take a bit of effort initially, default options are helpful because they reduce future effort and help ensure you make environmentally friendly decisions.
For example, create a bookmark on your computer that can provide easy access for ordering your groceries from a local farm each week or set up automatic order renewals. This small step of setting up an account, will help you streamline your grocery shopping process and stock your pantry and fridge at home with foods that have a lower carbon footprint. You can feel good knowing your food is coming from family-owned farms nearby, instead of being shipped from countries far away. Farms also have delivery services with their Community Supported Agricultural (CSA) boxes, set yourself up with a subscription for local seasonal produce delivered to your door!
Another example would be to install a programmable thermostat – once it’s set up, it will be easy to enact energy saving strategies. You can program your thermostat to a lower temperature while you are sleeping or at work. Having a schedule for your thermostat will minimize your need to tinker with it and, by default, reduce your energy usage.
Consider the Financial Benefits
Money is a great motivator - there are a number of actions that are better for the environment that are actually more cost effective than the traditional option. Here is a list, and I bet you can think of more!
Turning off the lights and devices when they are not in use.
Lowering your thermostat when you are sleeping and out of the house.
Eating less meat.
Being careful to reduce food waste.
Buying less, shopping at second hand stores, and repairing what you have.
Walking and riding your bike rather than relying on your car – cheaper and better for your health.
Washing your clothes on cold and hanging them to dry rather than the using the dryer.
Vote with the environment in mind!
While the focus of this post is on individual action, we do recognize that governments and industries have a crucial role in establishing policies to curb emissions. Long-term policies with teeth are needed to withstand an election cycle. Unfortunately, in many cases, political will suffers the same behavioural pit falls – favouring short-term gain (immediate boosts to the economy) at the expense of long-term goals (investing in expensive upfront costs for adaptation and mitigation) even though early action would come at less net cost. Therefore, as an individual, an important step is voting for candidates that support climate action. And it’s not just at the ballot box, vote with your dollar and support companies taking steps to reduce emissions.
By creating individual change we can empower others to do the same! You can set the stage with climate-positive behaviours that can rub off on others in your community.
Sheffer, C. E., Mackillop, J., Fernandez, A., Christensen, D., Bickel, W. K., Johnson, M. W., … & Mathew, M. (2016). Initial examination of priming tasks to decrease delay discounting. Behavioural Processes, 128, 144-152.
Photo credit: Li An Lin Unsplash; Markus Spiske, Unsplash; Maria Catanzaro, Nicole Christiansen, Markus Spiske, Unsplash; Anete Lusina, Pexels; Nextbike, Unsplash.
Green Gardening - Supporting Biodiversity and Conserving Water
More tips to make your green thumb a little greener!
There are so many conscious choices you can make in your garden to have a positive impact that we've made multiple Tool Kit posts on the subject of eco-friendly gardening! In this one we focus on how you can support pollinators, water efficiently, and embrace our local conditions for less net impact.
How does conserving water and supporting biodiversity benefit salmon?
Conserving water in the garden keeps more water in streams, which is particularly important during late summer and fall when Pacific salmon are returning to their natal rivers to spawn.
Land and water are connected. Diverse native plants and critters are what Pacific salmon have evolved with and rely on. Supporting biodiversity in your garden keeps that connection.
Here are some suggestions:
Opt for Native Plants
Choosing plants that are native to your region can help reduce your need for fertilizers, pesticides, and watering. Native plants are adapted for our climate and soil, and therefore require less input of nutrients and are suited for our wet winters and dry summers. They also support our local biodiversity by ensuring critters, including native birds and insect pollinators, have access to the plants they have evolved with and depend on.
When planning where and what native species to plant in your garden, consider the light and water conditions of the spot and select accordingly for the best chance for successful establishment and long-term low maintenance. Experts at nurseries can help you identify the perfect plant and how to care for it as it becomes established. Our Planting a Native Garden Tool Kit has a map of nurseries that specialize in native species.
Water Efficiently
When it comes to watering your garden, it is important to be mindful of water usage, while maintaining plant health. Here are some ways to improve the efficiency of your watering routine.
Timing is everything. When the sun is out, water will evaporate quickly. Water your garden in the early morning or later in the evening to minimize evaporation.
Mulching also helps prevent evaporation, instead retaining moisture where it is easily available to your plants.
Harvest rainwater and use it to water your garden. This also reduces stormwater runoff, win-win!
Plan the layout of your garden. Be mindful of what sections of the garden are shady/sunny, and plant appropriately. Some plants love direct sunlight, whereas others prefer partial sun.
Plant drought tolerant natives or ornamental plants like Rocky Mountain juniper, Euphorbia, Echinacea, and Yarrow.
Water the roots, not the leaves. Drip irrigation systems can help you deliver the water exactly where you want it to go, and in the right amount in comparison to a traditional sprinkler system. Not only does this provide hydration efficiently, but by not soaking the entire plant, it causes less disease. A slow release of water also allows the soil to soak up water better, preventing runoff from the soil surface.
Check you this video from the Capital Regional District on how to install different irrigation systems:
Go for Summer Gold!
If you have a lawn, let it go gold in the summer! In our climate of warm dry summers, maintaining a green summer lawn requires a huge input of water, just when we should be adhering to watering restrictions. With climate change and increasing demands on our water supply - it is ever more important to conserve. Letting your lawn dry out is a great way to cut back on water usage.
Did you know that grass naturally hibernates during the summer? There is no harm in letting your lawn turn golden for the summer months, you are working with the natural cycle of your lawn, and you will see it bounce back with the fall rains! So, let your grass have a rest over the summer and save water and you'll also save your self mowing in the summer heat! Check out this info sheet from the Capital Regional District for more Water Wise Lawn Care.
Support Pollinators with a Meadow Lawn
You may have heard of the slogan 'No-Mow May', but this pledge to stop mowing your lawn for the summer is an oversimplified solution and may cause more harm than good, as this article from Rewilding explains. In BC, non-native plant species are abundant, and the chances are that if you leave your lawn to grow over a few weeks, all that will come up will be non-native weedy species like dandelions and white clover. While you may notice that some bees do visit these flowers, they are not the best food sources for native pollinators. Did you know that dandelion pollen is actually a protein deficient food source, and can lead colonies of bees to feed on their own eggs to supplement their diets? Native flower pollen, on the other hand, offers balanced nutrients to sustain native pollinators, since the plants and pollinators would have evolved in the local ecosystem together. While the No-Mow May movement encourages the notion that messy lawns, rather than curated golf greens, are beautiful, we need to take this a step further to ensure that we are supporting our native pollinators. Rather, consider converting your lawn to a meadow!
Instead of a stark golf course lawn, why not use the space to support pollinators, fix nitrogen, manage runoff, and maintain diversity? West Coast Seeds offers different seed blends that you can try as a lawn alternative, including clovers, tall fescue, and even beautiful wildflowers. Watch your lawn space come alive with colour, texture and native bees and butterflies! Check out our Native Plants Tool Kit to learn more, and visit Satinflower Nurseries for more info about meadow-making.
Bonus Fun Tip!
Solar lights
Your green garden can be bright and event-worthy, without adding to your energy bill! There are lots of options for solar powered lights to brighten up your patio space in the evening.
Photo credits:Mina-Marie Michell on Pexels; .Daniel Johnson on Pexels; Devolk on Pixabay.
Green Gardening - Managing Pests and Soil
If we treat our gardens as a natural, functioning system, we can avoid the use of harmful chemicals and still have healthy, thriving plants. Here are some tips on how to make your green thumb greener!
In this Tool Kit we offer suggestions that will help you avoid unnecessary pesticides and fertilizers, along with natural ways to maintain healthy soils.
How does managing garden pests and soil naturally benefit salmon?
Pesticides are often made up of toxic chemicals that can make their way to aquatic environments and directly affect the health of salmon. Avoiding them makes streams and salmon healthier.
Pesticides can indiscriminately kill insects that are not harmful garden pests but are an important part of the ecosystem and a vital food source for salmon.
Maintaining healthy soils without the use of excessive fertilizers helps keep waterways clean and healthy for salmon. Fertilizers contribute to eutrophication and algal blooms which can rob the water of oxygen and lead to fish kills.
Natural Pest Management
Insects are part of a healthy ecosystem – but in our gardens, we would prefer that some insects don’t snack on the broccoli and kale that we have grown for our dinner!
Integrated Pest Management is a holistic approach to pest management that focuses on pest prevention and treating the garden as a system. Remember that insects are a part of this system, so some level of pest damage should be acceptable. Crop rotation is an important principle of pest management, as it helps prevent pests from building up in the soil. Monitoring for pests is crucial. Notice where and how the pest is attacking the plant early on, then correctly identify the culprit. This will help pair the most appropriate treatment for the pest. For example, if you have a group of aphids on the leaves of a plant, a simple spray of the hose can wash them away. Biological controls are a good option before turning to chemical treatments. Biological control can involve the introduction of other insects or even animals! Chickens, for instance, can make quick work of a soil bed with wire worm. You can also include specific plants in your garden to attract beneficial insects. More on this below!
Companion Planting for Pest Control
Include plants that encourage helpful critters like lady bugs. Beneficial insects can be predatory – like green lacewings, ladybugs and hover flies, parasitoid – like certain kinds of wasps, or pollinating – like bees! And don’t forget spiders! Arachnids are especially helpful to have around in the summer time to keep your garden party mosquito-free!
There are many plants that can help attract these critters to your garden community. Nasturtiums, for example, are easy to grow, and produce brightly coloured edible flowers that attract pollinators. If you are having an issue with aphids, beetles or weevils in your veggie garden, consider planting nasturtiums as a companion plant – they attract those pest insects, distracting them and saving your precious kale and broccoli! Other plants that attract beneficial insects include: clover, chamomile, and sunflowers. Read more about supporting and attracting beneficial insects in your garden in this publication from Oregon State University, and check out West Coast Seeds’ Guide to Companion Planting.
Allelopathy is the phenomenon where naturally occurring chemicals in one plant prevent the growth of other particular plants nearby, and/or deter certain insects from coming near it. By planting potent herbs like catmint, chives or dill nearby your garden plots, you can deter many insect pests from coming anywhere near your crops! Borage specifically repels cabbageworm and tomato hornworm, so plant these brilliant purple flowers near your tomatoes and brassicas (cabbage, kale, broccoli, etc.) to add a natural layer of protection from these pests – not to mention, the bees will love it!
Opt for Natural Pesticides
Pesticides can be incredibly harmful. They can harm beneficial insects or wash off your property and impact insect life in streams which is a critical food source for salmon and other aquatic species. You can try these alternative solutions for managing common garden pests:
Diatomaceous earth, made of fossilized phytoplankton, is another measure way to protect your crops, and can be found at your local gardening shop. Diatoms are tiny creatures with shells made of silica – when dried and ground, this powder is like a layer of glass – which will keep away any soft-bodied pests such as slugs! If you can’t find diatomaceous earth, try sprinkling coffee grounds on the soil for a similar slug-repelling effect.
Try making your own beer slug trap! A simple DIY project using a can of cheap beer can be super effective at ridding slugs from your garden.
Neem oil is a great natural alternative to chemical pesticides. It is biodegradable, and safe for use around pets and animal wildlife in your garden, yet effective at deterring insect pests at each stage of their life cycle. To create a spray solution, mix 2 teaspoons of neem oil with one teaspoon of a mild soap such as Castile, with about one litre of water.
Other at-home concoctions use the principle of allelopathy. One effective plant spray, for example, is a blend of fresh garlic bulbs with water and a few drops of mild soap. Sprayed onto the leaves of your kale, for example, this mixture will deter any flea beetles from nibbling on your crops.
Make a insecticidal soap spray: Mix one and a half teaspoons of a gentle soap such as Castile soap with one liter of water, mix it up and spray onto the leaves of your crops for a safe and simple option that had broad usage.
Be sure to apply this concoction in the evening, rather than during the day so your soap spray does not evaporate in the sun. Applying the spray in the evening also helps to avoid impacting beneficial insects like pollinators, since they will be less active in the evening. Soap sprays effectively suffocate insect pests, working by coating their bodies, blocking the pores through which they breathe.
Visit this article by TreeHugger.com for more ideas of natural concoctions you can make at home to help deter unwanted insects in your garden. Plus, steer clear of chemical pesticides! Check out our Pesticides to Avoid Tool Kit article to learn more about which chemical pesticides should be avoided at all costs due to their impacts on salmon and other aquatic life.
Keeping out Larger Pests
Sometimes the pests are bigger and require other strategies for protection.
You can make your garden deer proof by surrounding individual shrubs and young trees with deer fencing, or install an angled (45 degrees) fence at least 6 feet high around your entire garden to keep deer out. A simple, inexpensive option is to string up deer netting around your yard, making sure to add flagging on the netting to prevent deer from walking into the nets and becoming entangled. Check out this article from the BC SPCA to learn more about fencing options to keep deer out of your garden. You can also choose garden plants with strong scents or fuzzy or prickly foliage that are naturally not as tasty to deer!
Fencing can also be effective for rabbits and rodents if the mesh is small enough. Another option is a deterrent spray to keep them off of the tender shoots in your garden. You can use cayenne pepper spray on the plants rabbit seem to enjoy most to help keep them away. Thankfully, this method also works at preventing deer from munching on your plants as well.
Deterrent cayenne Pepper Spray: Mix 2 tsps of cayenne powder or other hot pepper and combine that with 6-8oz of water. You can also add garlic powder in there for added benefit. Spray this around your garden on the plants you want to keep rabbits away from.
Check out this article from Seeds and Grains for more clever tricks to deter rabbits, including setting up motion activated sprinklers to spook them out of your garden.
Optimize Soil Health, the Natural Way
Use Crop Rotation to Manage Pests and Balance Soil Nutrients
Crop rotation, or the practice of changing the plant family growing in your garden plot each season, is a natural method to reduce issues with pests and balance the nutrient budget of your soil. Many veggie garden plants come from a few ‘families’ (e.g. closely related) and share common characteristics like rooting depth, soil pH preference, nutrient requirements, and specific pest and disease susceptibility. When a given family is planted in the same plot year after year, it depletes the soil of the nutrients it needs, leading to an imbalance in soil nutrients that would need to be remedied by the application of fertilizers. Switching up plant families allows the soil to recover and stay balanced in its nutrient composition. Some of the most common plant families in gardening and agriculture can be found in the pictures below.
One common plant family is the Brassicas – or 'the cabbage family', which includes kale, broccoli, kohlrabi, cauliflower and cabbage. This family is a heavy feeder (requires lots of nutrients) and susceptible to cabbage root maggot, so after planting a bed of Brassicas one year, rotate to Legumes, which are not susceptible to the pest and have a symbiotic bacteria that fixes nitrogen around the roots to replenish the soil, then plant Alliums (onions and garlic) and Solunums (peppers, tomatoes) in that plot, then Umbellifers (carrots, parsley) and squash the next year. This is just one example of a four year crop rotation, but there are many other families to play around with to suit the size of your garden and tastes. The important factor is to make sure the same family of plants does not occupy the same space more than once every three or four years. Learn more about how to plan your garden with crop rotation in the Old Farmer’s Almanac Guide to Crop Rotation. To learn more about the different plant families and organic gardening, check out this book: Backyard Bounty: The Complete Guide to Year-Round Organic Gardening in the Pacific Northwest by Linda Gilkeson.
Protect Your Soil All Seasons
Looking after your soil will help you reduce the need for fertilizers and help your plants reach their full potential.
Use Cover Crops in the Off-Season
Don’t forget to plant a cover crop to protect your soil over the winter time! Cover crops are plants that are grown in the off seasons of agricultural crops, and are often hardy plants throughout the winter.
Try out red clover or fall rhye in your garden! Many cover crops like fava beans (a legume) and hairy vetch have the added benefit of fixing nitrogen into the soil, so come spring, you can turn that cover crop into the soil and plant your seeds directly in the nourished soil. Not only do cover crops prevent weeds from taking over your garden box in the absence of crops over winter, they are a key element in maintaining soil health over time. Cover crops can also attract pollinators and provide excellent habitat for beneficial insects like ground beetles.
Mulching
Another option to protect your soil over winter is to cover it with mulch. Mulch adds good organic material without much hassle. You can even use your plants as mulch! Once they are done for the season, pull them out of the soil and leave them on top – this provides nice cover to the soil, but only do so if the plants are not diseased! If there are deciduous trees on your property, consider making use of the leaves that fall from those trees in autumn by either leaving them on top of the grass, or using them as mulch in your garden beds to cover the soil over winter.
The benefits of mulching your garden beds with leaves:
protects the soil from the heavy rains throughout the winter
provides insect habitat and food source
helps suppress weedy species
improves soil fertility by decomposing on site
prevents compaction
helps regulate soil temperature (and warmer soil leads to increased microbial activity)
Fertilizers to Use
Natural sources of nutrients, like compost and manure are your safest bet, environmentally-speaking. They not only add nutrients, but your plants will also benefit from the organic material that comes with compost and is important for rich healthy soil. In most municipalities, you can pick up inexpensive compost or manure from a Public Works Yard, or from your local garden store.
You can create your own compost, letting your kitchen scraps nourish your garden, and reducing waste! Learn more about composting in our Tool Kit article here, and find the method that works best for you and your garden.
You can even add some things like egg shells directly into the soil – crush them up and sprinkle around your plants to give them a rich source of calcium. Banana peels and coffee ground are also fabulous additions!
Learn more about alternative fertilizers – from fish to woodchips – in this Rootsy article.
Avoid runoff of fertilizers
While agricultural crops often benefit from soil nourishment, chemical fertilizers are not ideal, as they are often applied in excess, and can easily leach out of the soil and into nearby waterways. Eutrophication occurs when excess nutrients enter a waterbody – often through runoff of fertilizers – fueling an overgrowth of algae. That algal growth takes over the habitat, then when it completes its life cycle, the dead algae decomposes within that water body – a process which uses up oxygen in the water, making the environment inhospitable for fish and other aquatic life. Don’t contribute to eutrophication in your community, be smart about fertilizer application!
Only apply the amount of nutrients that your garden will use - in small doses at the base of the plant. If you are worried about certain deficiencies, you could get your soil tested. Generally, though, in a home garden setting, ensuring you are adding organic materials such as compost and rotating your crops each year should create a healthy growing environment for your plants.
Check the weather, and your local restrictions. Plan to apply your fertilizer outside of the rainy season, or when the weather calls for clear skies for a few days in a row. Some regions even ban fertilizer application during the rainy season!
Use natural fertilizers like compost and manure. In these natural application types, the nutrients are slowly released, so even if it rains, less nutrients will leach out of the soil.
Bonus Fun Tip!
Saving Seeds
Did you have an excellent crop of tomatoes this year? Consider saving the seeds to grow the same variety next year. Seed saving is an age old process. It helps us be more self sufficient and develop seed sovereignty where we are less reliant on commercial seeds. Not to mentioned, saving seeds from your garden can help with maintenance of diversity.
When choosing your plants, consider buying heirloom and open-pollinated varieties. Buy your starts or seeds from local farmers and nurseries that carry varieties that are open-pollinated and adapted to your local environment. Some of the larger commercial seed producers only offer patented seeds where you must repurchase them each year. Many communities have Seedy Saturday events where you can purchase local, open-pollinated varieties. Find an event in your area, and stop by to start your seed saving practice today!
Not sure where to start? Many organizations like the Organic Seed Alliance have made seed saving guides like this one freely available and ready for download.
Photo Credits: Priscilla Du Preez on Unsplash; Eiko Jones; Erik Kartis on Pexels; Maylee on Unsplash; Flash Dantz on Unsplash; Trung Thanh on Unsplash; Sam Forson on Pexels; Greta Hoffman on Pexels; Arnaldo Aldana on Unsplash; Mick Haupt on Unsplash; Marina Yalanska on Unsplash; Steffi Pereira on Unsplash; Jeffrey Hamilton on Unsplash., Eco Warrior Princess on Unsplash.
Using Green Shores Nature-based Solutions
As a homeowner, you have an opportunity to enroll your site in Green Shores® for Homes and work with qualified professionals (biologists, coastal engineers, and environmental specialists) to develop and apply a nature-based shoreline design on your property.
Green Shores® is a program of the non-profit Stewardship Centre for British Columbia (SCBC) that offers a framework of best practices, training, and technical support to property owners interested in applying nature-based solutions on their property.
How does using Green Shores benefit salmon?
Green Shores guides users to nature-based solutions that encourage healthy land-sea habitat connectivity, which provides quality shoreline habitat for salmon.
Applying nature-based solutions along shoreline properties comes with a number of environmental, social and economic benefits. For example, nature-based solutions, such as beach nourishment and native plantings, improves resiliency to sea level rise and climate change by allowing for dynamically coastal processes adjust to changing levels whilst also providing habitat complexity for the ecosystem. Implementing upland solutions, such as rain gardens or rainwater harvesting, can reduce runoff and contaminated water flowing to the shore, thereby minimizing erosion and harmful toxins entering the environment. Truly a 'win-win', nature-based solutions are also typically lower cost than static engineered shoreline property protection measures such as seawalls and they create a naturally beautiful shoreline for everyone to enjoy.
Learn more about Green Shores and continue reading below to learn how to enroll, and about the benefits and assistance you can receive.
A Green Shores for Homes - certified project site in Parksville, Vancouver Island. The shoreline project included a hybrid design and extensive planting of native vegetation with retention of large woody debris, providing resiliency to erosion, and enhanced aesthetics and access to the shoreline. Photo credit: Kelly Loch
Getting started with Green Shores for Homes
As one Green Shores for Homes homeowner said:
'Becoming involved, reading and learning about the benefits of Green Shores through this project has been enlightening….and fun. Thank you to the Green Shores team for sharing your knowledge and passion for the program. We look forward to enjoying the garden maturing and evolving with the hope of it being an inspiration for neighbouring waterfront owners. Best of all the birds love it!’ – Green Shores for Homes Gold Project Homeowner, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island.
Follow the steps below to get started:
Visit the Green Shores website, review the resources available, and explore existing Green Shores Case Studies on completed projects to learn more about how the Green Shores process was applied and see the results. If you have any questions, contact the Stewardship Centre for BC at info@stewardshipcentrebc.ca.
Decided to enroll your project in Green Shores? Visit the Green Shores Enrollment page to fill out the form and get access to additional information, project assistance and a third-party verification that provides credibility to your project outcomes. Of course, you may use Green Shores guidance without enrolling your project but then you will not receive assistance in steps 3-5 below.
Once your application is received, the Green Shores Project Coordinator will work with you to help assemble a team of qualified shoreline professionals, including Green Shores Approved Professionals, discuss options for Green Shores on your property and help you to find out what training options are available to you.
Work with your Green Shores team to design and implement the Green Shores nature-based project. This will involve collecting background information and completing the required project pre-requisites such as an Environmental Management Plan and Existing Conditions Plan, listed in the Green Shores for Homes Credits and Ratings Guide. Options for the design might include re-sloping your shoreline, planting native vegetation, removal of existing hard armour, sediment enhancement and more.
When the work is complete, the Green Shores Projects Coordinator will assign a Green Shores verifier who will review your documentation and the completed shoreline design to assign points to your project. Points are awarded under different credits, outlined in the Green Shores for Homes Credits and Ratings Guide. Depending on the number of points achieved, your project can receive Silver (GSH Level 1) or Gold (GSH Level 2) certification!
Currently, there is no cost to the homeowner for Green Shores for Homes as grant funding covers the cost of project enrollment, support and verification. Larger scale projects, for example a park or commercial site, follow a similar process to the above but use the Green Shores for Shoreline Development guide. There are fees associated with enrollment and verification of Green Shores for Shoreline Development projects. Contact the Stewardship Centre for more information.
Why get Green Shores certified?
By enrolling in Green Shores for Homes, homeowners benefit from project assistance, training and verification at no cost. As well, Green Shores projects located on Vancouver Island can potentially use the Expedited Permit Checklist for nature-based projects to expedite provincial permitting in the foreshore. This process provides the homeowner with time and cost savings. By using Green Shores guidance, homeowners are able to design a successful custom nature-based approach that works for the site and their needs.
In addition, once the Green Shores project is certified, the property value might be enhanced, and maintenance costs reduced, making it a valuable investment for homeowners. Green Shores certified sites are also a source of pride to the homeowner, and a great inspiration to neighbouring shoreline owners. In this way, shoreline owners work together to support the environment and promote nature-based solutions in their communities.
“We are proud recipients of Green Shores certification for keeping the shoreline natural at our new home in Bowser, BC! “ – 2019 Green Shores for Homes homeowner, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Photo by the Stewardship Centre for BC.
Earth’s resources are important to manage and conserve, and electricity is a resource that should be used wisely.
In British Columbia more than 90% of BC Hydro’s power is generated from hydroelectricity. While it is a clean source of energy with low carbon footprint, hydroelectricity projects affect our watersheds and disrupt river systems that are important salmon habitats.
How does saving electricity benefit salmon?
Saving electricity reduces pressure on the grid and this collectively can minimize the need for hydro projects which may obstruct salmon passageways on rivers.
The following sections contain energy saving tips that will save you money on your BC Hydro bill and reduce your impact on the environment. You may also want to learn more about green sources of energy for your home, such as solar panels, or switching to renewable natural gas to further reduce your impact.
Learn how much you use
Understanding your personal energy consumption is a great place to start on the path to reducing electricity use. If you are a BC Hydro customer, you can track your electricity consumption down to the hour, by the day or on a monthly or yearly basis. Simply create an account with BC Hydro with the following tool: Track and manage your electricity use online.
Products like the Rainforest EMU-2™ Energy Monitoring Unit could help you track your household’s energy usage, as well as the estimated cost of the energy you are currently using (learn more from BC Hydro by clicking here).
Once you are tracking yourself, you can check your usage against the average BC energy consumption or similar houses in your neighbourhood. You can even compare yourself against your past self and see how implementing some of the tips below are making a difference!
Things you can do
Switch off and unplug:
Turn off lights you aren’t using. Be conscious of the lights around your home and if they need to be on. Rely on daylight from windows during the day and switch off lights as you leave a room.
Turn off your entertainment system when not inuse. You can plug your streaming devices, DVD player and TV into a single power strip with a switch, then it is simple to turn it off at the end of the day.
Unplug and turn off extra devices around the home, like coffee makers or computers, when they are not in use. Many devices are on standby mode when powered off that can add up across multiple electronics over time.
Upgrade:
Replace old incandescent bulbs with the latest high efficiency LED bulbs that will last much longer and save money in the long run.
Upgrade your windows to energy efficient ones. Windows, being less well insulated than walls, are responsible for significant heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. Modern double-glazed windows can reduce heat loss by 30% over single pane glass. The window type and frame can also impact how energy efficient it is.
Retire old appliances for more efficient models. In recent years, there have been significant improvements to the efficiency of the appliances that we use every day. When it is time to replace an old appliance, seek a replacement that is ENERGY STAR® certified. Information and links to product guides for different appliances have been compiled by Natural Resources Canada and in BC Hydro’s Power Smart Shop. By upgrading older appliances, you can measurably reduce your energy consumption:
A new front loader is more water and energy efficient, potentially reducing energy consumption by 65% saving.
A fridge over 10 years old may require double the electricity of a new energy efficient model.
An ENERGY STAR® TV consumes 30% less energy than an ordinary one.
Switch your heating system. New heat pumps are more energy efficient and effective than ever and since our electricity in BC is mainly from renewable sources, using an electric heat pump has a low carbon footprint. An added benefit of heat pumps is that they can cool your home in the summer months by pumping out the warm air from within your home to the outside. When upgrading, check for heat pump rebates.
Try a programmable or smart thermostat. You can further your efficiency by having a programmable thermostat and tailor the temperature of your home around your activities. You can it set your heater to kick on a few degrees cooler (try 16°C) at night when you are under the covers and keep your heater lower during the day when everyone is out of the house.
Simple energy saving tips:
In winter
Lower your thermostat by a degree or two. Every extra degree significantly adds to your bill, so grab a comfy sweater and slippers and keep your home a little cooler.
Close window coverings at night to prevent heat loss and open them during the day to let the sunlight warm your home.
Regularly maintain your heating system so that it is working optimally.
Seal drafty windows and apply weather stripping to doors that are letting the cold in, this is a simple project you can do yourself.
Click here to find more tips from BC Hydro to keep your home warm in winter.
In summer
Close window coverings and blinds during a hot day to reduce the amount of heat coming through the window.
Promote natural ventilation to moderate the temperature of your home, open windows on opposite sides of the house to encourage the flow through of cool air in the evenings and mornings.
Line dry your laundry whenever possible. Did you know that on average 12% of home electricity consumption is from the clothes dryer? Hanging laundry on a line or rack outside to dry not only saved you electricity, it will extend the life of your clothes and reduce microplastic pollution.
Avoid the oven, which will heat up your kitchen and use the BBQ or have a salad for dinner.
Use a fan to keep cool rather than air conditioning when possible.
Click here to find more tips from BC Hydro for keeping cool in summer.
All year-round
Use smaller kitchen appliances for cooking meals, such as the microwave, crockpot, air fryer or toaster oven rather than the oven, when possible.
Opt for a laptop rather than desktop computer. Desktops consume greater amounts of electricity.
Wash your laundry on a short cycle with cold water (which also will extend the life of your clothes and reduce microplastic pollution).
Take shorter showers. Heating water is energy intensive, taking shorter showers means heating less water (also good for conserving water in the summer time).
Dry full loads of laundry in the dryer and throw in a dry towel or dryer balls which help to distribute the moisture and reduce the amount of time and energy it takes to dry. If you have multiple loads to dry, do them right after each other while the dryer is still warm.
Open your dishwasher to dry, select the air-dry option and open it up at the end of its cycle rather than using energy to heat dry.
Keep your fridge full and organized, it takes more energy to keep an empty fridge cool than a full one. You can keep a fridge at optimal fullness with jugs of cold water if need be. By keeping your fridge well organized you can find what you are after quickly and reduce the time the door is open letting the coolness escape. Click here for more fridge and freezer tips.
Click here to find even more tips from BC Hydro on ways to save electricity.
Incentives:
Taking the steps outlined above will help save you money on your electricity bill, and you may be able to save even more money through rebates and incentives. Take advantage of government and BC Hydro rebates programs to take on bigger projects with greater up-front costs, such as improving your home’s insulation or upgrading a major appliance.
We can all make choices that help to save electricity. Let’s all work towards this for today's and future generations.
Photo credits: Anete Lusina from Pexels, Ksenia Chernaya from Pexels, Nicole Christiansen, Maria Catanzaro, Ben Wicks on Unsplash
Nature-based Solutions for the Shoreline
Rather than coastal armouring structures such as seawalls and riprap, which degrade over time, disrupt natural shoreline processes, deflect wave energy, and are vulnerable to sea level rise, nature-based solutions can be used to protect our shorelines and the communities along them.
Coastlines are naturally dynamic systems and this can be a good thing for adapting to climate change if we understand and respect the natural processes at play. By working with nature, we can increase our resiliency to the impacts of climate change while also supporting and protecting biodiversity and human well-being.
Compared to traditional hard-armouring (left), nature-based solutions (right) can offer better protection from storm surge and sea level rise while maintaining high value habitat.Illustration by Holly Sullivan.
How does applying nature-based solutions benefit salmon?
Opting for more natural solutions for shoreline protection rather than seawalls, creates a more resilient habitat that can support juvenile salmon as well as forage fish and invertebrates that salmon feed upon.
Here, we share a number of considerations and nature-based strategies for protecting our shorelines and communities.
Protecting the Upland
Protecting healthy and functioning coastal ecosystems starts with attention to the areas above the high tide mark, or the ‘upland’. By managing what happens on the upland, shorelines can be protected from excessive run‑off, contaminants, and erosion that would otherwise contribute to shoreline degradation. Here are a few suggestions:
Retain trees and snags – Avoid clearing of trees and shrubs along the shoreline as these provide important functions, for example as a food source, for shading, and riparian zone stabilization.
Practice eco-friendly gardening – Remove invasive species and encourage native species, and avoid chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
Reduce and treat run‑off – Use strategies such as rain gardens, permeable pavers and rainwater capture systems to minimize run-off from your property which can help reduce surface erosion and prevent contaminants from flowing into the aquatic environment.
Protect the riparian zone – A healthy riparian zone is key to the health of the shoreline as it acts as a buffer between the upland and the foreshore. The first step it to protect what is there: but if the backshore vegetation has been cleared in the past, try to replant it with native species. Below is a table of suitable species for our local coastal riparian zones you can source from a native plant nursery.
Sea levels are rising – how a given area will be impacted will depend on the region and a number of other factors such as erosion and deposition rates, and geological factors like uplift and plate tectonics. In British Columbia, sea level rise is projected to be greatest on the north coast, the Fraser Lowland and southern Vancouver Island. See this map which shows vulnerability to sea level rise and coastal flooding.
Sea level rise will increase tide levels and how far seawater reaches onto land, influence the duration and frequency of inundation, exacerbate coastal erosion, and even cause the loss of nearshore habitat. Coastal modifications can exacerbate these impacts. To adapt we will need to:
Avoid further development directly on shorelines – Protect and preserve the natural areas we still have. Preserving shorelines in their natural state helps ensure important habitats are available to support biodiverse ecosystems and our coastal food web.
Accommodate for sea level rise – Increase setbacks, move infrastructure back if possible, and build any new structures further back from the shore. There is often a required regulatory setback that is established by local government regulations and this may vary by area. A safe setback distance that accounts for local sea level rise should be calculated based on site conditions by a qualified professional, whom would also ensure regulatory conditions are met.
Remove existing seawalls, riprap or other modifications to the shoreline – These structures, which are built with the intention to protect coastal infrastructure, actually disrupt coastal processes and are not an effective long-term solution for adapting to sea level rise. A shoreline is most resilient when it can function as an intact ecosystem.
Undertake Restoration and Implement Nature-based Solutions
Successful restoration that improves ecosystem function and protects shoreline infrastructure requires a complete understanding of the dynamics of the area of shoreline you are working on. Enlisting qualified professionals (coastal geomorphologists/engineers, landscape architects, environmental consultants and biologists) is a critical step and will help you confidently design and plan a solution that considers natural coastal processes, shoreline erosion risk, and the dynamics of the ecosystem as a whole. The Stewardship Centre for BC has compiled a list of Green Shores Approved Professionals that have the skills and experience for such projects.
Depending on the site being restored some nature-based solutions that may be recommended include:
Recontour the beach profile – Recontouring can create great habitat benefits and provide shoreline protection. The aim of recontouring is to alter the slope of a beach so that it has a gentle gradient that will naturally dissipate wave energy. The process involves large machinery removing sediment from some areas and adding it to others to create the desired effect. Depending on the dynamics of a site, it may require maintenance over time to preserve the slope profile.
Beach nourishment – Sediment that is lost through erosion and not replenished by natural coastal processes can be replaced through a process called beach nourishment. Coastal modifications, such as groynes, jetties and breakwaters, disrupt longshore drift, which is responsible for maintaining the sand on beaches. Without natural replenishment, beaches that were once sandy or gravelly, may be stripped to cobble stones or bedrock. Having the right types of sediments on beaches is vital for forage fish, which spawn along the high tide line. To ensure the best habitat outcome, consult with a shoreline professional with expertise in coastal processes and forage fish requirements. They may suggest a ‘forage fish’ sediment mix that is specially formulated to suit the needs of species like Pacific sand lance, Pacific herring and surf smelt.
Incorporate large woody debris – Drift wood logs and other large woody debris can be placed along upper beaches and backshore, typically beyond the reach of the waves, to stabilize the shoreline and provide micro‑habitat for vegetation and animals. Depending on where they are placed, the natural untreated logs that are brought in may need to be anchored, either by partial burial or placing between rocks, to ensure they will not float away on the next high tide. Ideally, the logs will include intact roots or branches and be Douglas fir or western red cedar as they are naturally rot resistant. Once in place, the logs can help reduce erosion and accrete additional sediment on which dune grass and other shoreline plants may establish, further stabilizing and building up the beach.
Stabilize the shoreline with vegetation – Planting the riparian zone will stabilize sediment and prevent erosion along the shoreline. Having intact vegetation along the shoreline will also increase biodiversity, support marine food web linkages, and create incredible wildlife viewing opportunities. Besides planting native plant seedlings, there is another common method of revegetation, known as live staking, which involves sustainably harvesting cuttings from specific native species near by (e.g. red alder, snowberry, and Scouler willow) and staking them into the sediment and for them to eventually re-grow and stabilize the bank.
Here is a photo from a marine riparian restoration on Thetis Island by SeaChange Marine Conservation Society, led by Dave Polster. Also see this video of a shoreline slope restoration near Victoria.
Case Study: Weaverling Spit Restoration Projects
A great example where all of these methods were utilized is the Weaverling Spit Restoration Projects by Samish Nation and Coastal Geologic Services, in Samish Territory, Anacortes, Washington. The project involved multiple phases of restoration along the shoreline including a long-term plan for managed retreat on Tribal Lands to allow for landward habitat migration. Below you will see how the shoreline was re-graded and restored and the benefits that have been achieved.
Prior to the restoration (left) Fidalgo Bay Resort was vulnerable to storm surges and experienced flooding and infrastructure damage. After regrading the shoreline and supplementing sediment (right), the site is more protected.
Weaverling Spit was experiencing erosion and, with lawn extending to the shoreline, there was no habitat connectivity (left) prior to recontouring the beach and planting riparian vegetation (right). The site is now more resilient to storm events and provides valuable habitat again. Large woody debris has naturally recruited and brought with it additional habitat and shoreline stabilization benefits described above. The beach was nourished with a forage fish sediment mix and, incredibly, they found surf smelt spawning the very next day!
Considering a project involving some orall of the above strategies?
Check out these helpful resources for additional information:
Put together for the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and adapted by the Stewardship Centre for British Columbia, Your Marine Waterfront Canadian Edition provides ways to promote healthy shorelines while protecting waterfront properties. Included are guidelines for site assessments and design techniques to plan and restore your shoreline and other helpful resources for shoreline property owners.
The Washington State Aquatic Habitat Guidelines Program has created Marine Shoreline Design Guidelines as comprehensive guide of shoreline assessment and management techniques. This guide provides detailed methods for site assessments, implementation of the nature-based solutions outlined above, and considerations and techniques for removal of coastal armouring.
Photo credits: Jake Dingwall, Kelly Loch, Maria Catanzaro, Weaverling Spit Restoration 'before' photos courtesy of Todd Woodard, Samish Nation Natural Resources, after photos by Maria Catanzaro
